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What is Compensation?
In enterprises with an inductive effect, the current is behind the voltage, while in capacitive enterprises, the current is Decelerated from the voltage, and as a result, a phase difference occurs between the current and voltage. The method used to minimize this phase difference, which reduces the energy efficiency in enterprises, is called compensation.
The compensation system is designed and projected by electrical engineers. The project is calculated by electrical engineers according to the needs of the enterprise. The panel manufacturer manufactures the panel suitable for this project.
What Is the Use of Compensation?
Compensation is a type of electrical panel used in enterprises and organizations to minimize electrical energy losses to the lowest level. Compensation is established in order to meet the reactive energy required by some electrically powered devices. If this panel is not built or operated, it is billed as a reactive price / reactive penalty in the electricity bill.
Compensation is made in order to meet the reactive energy consumed in enterprises. It is designed to use the magnetic energy required for the operation of motorized systems by generating it on the compensation board instead of receiving it from the network. This is the only way to prevent losses that will occur in power lines and transformers.
Why is Compensation Made?
Compensation is made in order to meet the reactive energy that needs to be consumed within the enterprise. If reactive energy is not produced by compensation, it is forced to withdraw from the grid, which leads to an increase in the electricity bill and an economical problem for the enterprise to pay extra bill fees.
In order not to pay reactive costs, compensation must be made, operated and compensation maintenance works must be carried out fully and on time.
How is Compensation Made?
Compensation is made by taking into account the apparent power drawn in the systems, that is, the installed power value. Multiplying the apparent power value and the desired power factor value gives the active power.
Compensation board calculations are made with mathematical trigonometric calculations. The reactive power is calculated on the active power found and the power of the compensation board in KVAR required by the place where the compensation will be installed is revealed.
The design of the compensation board is calculated according to the reactive power value found. The capacitors that will provide the reactive power are divided into stages. A reactive power control relay suitable for the number of stages must be selected. Again, the rated current and parameters of the contactors that will activate the capacitors should be selected according to the capacitor power to be connected.
After the compensation panels are activated, it receives the reactive energy information required by the system from the k/l ends of the current transformers connected to the reactive power control relay and activates the capacitors that meet this amount of reactive energy.
When the reactive energy requirement of the system is met, the reactive power control relay deactivates the capacitors. According to the reactive energy character of the systems, it can be used in shunt reactors in compensation panels.
Businesses that do not want to pay reactive prices on their electricity bills and want to prevent losses in their systems should have their compensation boards checked by specialists. Reactive prices are not encountered on the boards that are under constant control and the enterprises work at maximum efficiency.
Where is Compensation Used?
The compensation system is used in enterprises and organizations with an installed power exceeding 9kw, and its use is also mandatory. Distribution companies require compensation for enterprises with an installed capacity of 9kw and greater than 9kw. The distribution company does not provide electrical energy to enterprises that do not have a compensation system in order to prevent losses that will occur in transformers and lines.
Compensation systems are systems whose installation is made mandatory by regulations for consumers with loads of 9 kW and above. These systems are usually found necessarily in industrial organizations, public organizations. The regulations and articles related to compensation systems are as follows.
‘From the Energy Market Regulatory Authority: Board Decision No. 5999-3 and the scope of the reactive energy tariff application;
16. article 4. The reactive energy tariff is applied if the producers provide active energy to the system and at the same time draw reactive energy from the system (capacitive reactive) mentioned in the paragraph. All consumers who are within the scope of the Article ' must establish a compensation system.
These consumers are subject to the same regulation;
ARTICLE 13 - (1) Residential subscribers, lighting subscribers, single overfed subscribers, subscribers whose connection power is up to 9 (nine) kW (inclusive) and the reactive energy tariff are not applied in the cases specified in the third paragraph of Article 16 in the direction of delivery to the manufacturers that supply energy to the system. 'It's determined by the substance. There is also no need for a compensation panel in places that are 9 kW and below and use reactive energy.
The regulations clearly specify the places where compensation systems should be installed, and while they should have a compensation system, penalties are applied to consumers who do not install this system. These penalty amounts have entered into force again with the decision of the relevant board of EMRA.
Kompanzasyon Çeşitleri Nelerdir?
1- Group Compensation
Group Compensation, the process of compensating from one place instead of severing different loads separately in an enterprise is called group compensation. For example, if engines and lighting systems are disconnected as a group, for example.
Group compensation is a method used to compensate loads switched in a group, which can also be understood from the name. In group compensation, multiple loads are performed by considering them as if they were a load. Group compensation is not used much because it is not a very functional and effective type of compensation.
2- Central Compensation
Central Compensation, if an enterprise loads are constantly changing and switching in and out, central compensation is applied. The number of loads fed from the central compensation is both very large and variable. An effective solution is provided by switching the capacitors in and out according to the instantaneous needs of the enterprise.
The most important element of the Central Compensation is the reactive power control relay. Thanks to the reactive power control relay, the cos Dec is kept between 0.95 and 1. In addition to being economical, central compensation provides users with the opportunity to control their systems from one point.
The type of compensation performed by an enterprise according to the situation where there are different loads from each other and these loads come in and out at different times is called central compensation. The central compensation is the panels with manual and automatic control. Since the calculation and project of the Central Compensation is easy, it can be put into operation quickly in enterprises. In order for the central compensation account to be healthy, the load conditions of enterprises should be measured at different times. The central compensation consists of capacitors connected in parallel to the network, and these capacitors are divided into groups such as 3-5-7 or 2-4-6-8-12. These groups are activated and exited by means of relays, which are an important device for compensation panels. The reactive power control relay tries to keep the migration factor between 0.95-1 at all times by commissioning and Decoupling the capacitors.
3- Individual Compensation
Individual Compensation, individual compensation is used for receivers that draw a constant reactive power, such as a motor. In this type of compensation, a capacitor of sufficient power is connected to the receiver with a suitable switch. Reactive power travels Decoupled in the cable between this capacitor and the corresponding load.
Individual (individual) compensation is made by connecting the capacitors, which are reactive power generators, directly to the load outputs. A common switching device is used for the load and capacitors. Thus, the capacitors come in and out with the load. Individual compensation is a very effective and reliable system, as well as the most expensive of the compensation types. However, for receivers with a long line length, large loads and lighting, this type of compensation is mostly preferred.
Compensation Materials
For compensation systems to work at full efficiency, compensation panels must have sufficient dimensions and materials. Electrical equipment such as reactive power control relay, capacitors, shunt reactors, harmonic filters, contactors, thyristors, fuses, busbars are used in compensation panels.
Compensation systems can be named according to the material they are composed of. For example, Harmonic filter compensation systems, such as thyristor compensation systems.
The compensation account is made according to the load used by consumers and the type of compensation board to be installed. The materials used in compensation systems should be considered as a whole. The reactive power control relay must have the appropriate number of stages, in addition, capacitors, contactors and fuses must be selected in such a way that the rated currents complement each other.
In case of failure of these materials used in compensation systems, immediate intervention should be carried out. Today, thanks to the remote monitoring of energy, people who maintain compensation systems in such situations see the problem and find quick solutions.
Facilities that are subject to penalties as a result of the malfunction of systems can receive a refund of this reactive penalty they have paid, provided that it is once a year within a calendar year. If the compensation is penalized more than once, only one billing period refund can be received again.
The Importance of the Compensation System
Today, for all countries in the world, uninterrupted access of energy to the last buyer is determined as a criterion of the level of development.
There are various accounts and solutions for the production of electrical energy, which is one of the most mandatory and basic needs for the world, and for reaching the end user with the most economical and least loss. At the beginning of these solutions, it is to increase the capacity of the active power to be transported in the energy transmission lines. One of the solutions that enable this capacity to increase is the compensation systems installed in the facilities.
Receivers connected to the electricity grid draw active energy and reactive energy from the grid according to their need situations. If loads such as transformers, motors, fluorescent lamps are connected to the network, they need to create a magnetic field between their windings in order for these devices to work Decently. To supply this magnetic field, they draw as much reactive current as they need from the grid.Jul.
After the reactive current creates a magnetic field in the devices, it does not turn into work and continues to circulate in the network switchgear elements, causing losses. This situation causes the cross-section of the power transmission lines to be larger, and materials such as breaker separator, switch are selected larger. If these losses caused by the devices in the enterprises are eliminated, the capacity of the transformers will increase and it will be able to deliver energy to more buyers.
Supplying reactive energy from the closest point to the load instead of power plants will make room for more active power in the grid Jul. It is possible to provide this reactive energy with a compensation system by using capacitors and shunt reactors.
What is a Compensation Capacitor?
The compensation capacitor is the most important element necessary for the compensation board to perform its function.
We provide the angular energy required by inductive loads with capacitors. The capacitors that we see in microcircuits today, the ones used in compensation panels, are called power capacitors. There are capacitors of various power and voltage types.
Types of Compensation Capacitors
Dry type capacitors are used in your silver. Capacitors used as the main element in compensation panels are divided into 2 as the main head.
- Monophase capacitors
- Three-phase capacitors
There are also productions for various types of tension. For example, in addition to the capacitors operating at the commonly used 400V voltage, there are also types used for 440V and 500V voltage.
What Is a Compensation Capacitor Useful For?
Compensation capacitors are a switchgear material element that comes into operation at the order of the relay to correct the angle of the power factor cosφ generated by inductive loads. Correcting the angle provides economy and efficiency because it reduces the load effect on transformers and cables.
Measurement of the Compensation Capacitor
Most of the compensation capacitors are three-phase. Single-phase capacitors are mainly used in low-consumption enterprises where monophase loads weigh.
Since capacitors have a chemical structure, they are not in endless use and cycle. Depending on the frequency of use, their current strength is constantly decreasing. It is quite easy to calculate the decreasing loads of capacitors.
For example, a 3-phase capacitor draws 1.44 A of energy for a load of 1 kvar per phase.
Why Does the Compensation Capacitor Light Up?
Failure of compensation capacitors can have several reasons for combustion. Except that the capacitor is disabled by filling its own life;
- Harmonics,
- High and irregular voltage,
- Excessive contact desire,
- Incorrectly made assembly.
They are the causes of deterioration of capacitors at the beginning.
What Happens If the Compensation Capacitor Breaks Down?
If the compensation capacitors are broken, the compensation panel installed to correct the power factor cannot perform its task. This returns to us as a high bill, Reactive Penalty in the bill.
Compensation capacitors should be checked 2 times a month and capacitors that have lost their power by more than 30% should be replaced with new ones.
Selection of Compensation Capacitor
The situations that should be considered when choosing a compensation capacitor are as follows;
- A capacitor must be selected according to the voltage values,
- Three-phase and single-phase capacitors should be selected taking into account the load structure of the enterprise,
- The load size and the input and output speeds of the load.
These are the issues that should be considered when choosing a compensation capacitor.
Compensation Capacitor Price
The compensation capacitor price imported for our country varies depending on foreign exchange prices. As kvar capacities increase, their prices are increasing at a exponential rate. The service life varies between 6 months and 2 years. Dec.
What is a Compensation Failure?
Compensation systems come at the beginning of the electrical systems that should be in every institution that needs reactive power.
According to EMRA's Reactive Energy regulation, it is mandatory for every facility with a reactive energy consumption above 9 kilowatts to install a compensation panel.
The compensation board contains many switchgear materials. These materials are materials such as capacitor, contactor, fuse, reactive power control relay. Any failure that will occur in these materials is called a compensation failure.
How to Recognize Compensation Failure?
There are many ways to detect compensation failures. At the beginning of these, it is necessary to measure the materials contained in the panel to make a fault detection.
For example, to detect a compensation contactor failure, the 3 phase transitions of the contactor are measured. Or, when the contactor is not in circuit, it is checked whether there is any current-potential from its outputs. As a result of the measurements, it is determined whether the relevant material is defective or not.
Another way to detect a fault in the compensation panel is that the reactive values exceed the criminal limits. In a properly functioning compensation board, reactive values do not exceed criminal limits. However, if the reactive values have exceeded the criminal limits, it means that there is a fault caused by switchgear materials on the compensation panel.
Why Does the Compensation Fail?
The electrical material that makes up the compensation panel and all of the failures that occur in the evenings are called compensation failures. Materials such as capacitor, shunt reactor, cable, contactor, fuse fail in the compensation panel. These materials have a certain service life.
Failures occur when they complete their life. In addition, it causes malfunction in materials that are not selected at the appropriate ampere and power and causes malfunction of compensation systems. For example, contactors and fuses that are not selected with the appropriate capacitor power fail in a short time. Or if the cables used are not suitable, the cables burn out and malfunctions occur.
How is the Compensation Board Tested?
In order to test the compensation board, it is necessary to make measurements first. Compensation elements should be measured one by one. The suitability of these materials used is evaluated within the framework of standards.
It is calculated whether the power of the compensation panel is sufficient. In summary, the testing of the compensation board consists of a series of measurements and mathematical calculations. These calculations are made by competent people in the field.
What are Compensation Failures?
Compensation failures;
- Capacitor failures,
- Incorrect adjustment of reactive power control relays,
- Contactor failures,
- Insurance failures, etc. maybe so.
Failures may also differ according to the types of compensation systems.
Compensation Failure Solutions
Compensation panels come first in electrical panels that require constant maintenance. The most accurate solution for compensation panel December malfunctions is through the maintenance of these panels at certain intervals.
The detection of malfunctions in compensation systems, which are checked at December intervals, can be faster and more effective. There is no reactive price in the boards that are constantly maintained.
Compensation Capacitor
The most important element used in compensation systems is the compensation capacitor material. The angular energy required by inductive loads in the facilities is met by capacitors and a reactive energy balance is achieved. All other materials used in the compensation panel are used to activate the capacitors at the appropriate powers.
Compensation Capacitor Fault Detection
When the compensation capacitors fail, it is possible to detect it by eye or measurements. If these capacitors are swollen, burst or excessively spilled oil, it is determined that they are defective.
The detection of invisible faults is carried out by measurement. Voltage measurement is performed between the capacitors' legs Decoupled in phase-to-phase Decoupling, it should be 380 volts. measuring the potential well below or above 380 volts indicates that the capacitor has failed. In addition, capacitors have a certain operating life.
Capacitors that have completed their working life need to be replaced. The determination of this is made by measuring the capacitor amps.
Why Does the Compensation Board Light Up?
The switchgear materials inside the compensation panel may make an arc during their failure. As a result of this arc, there is a possibility that the compensation panel may burn. In particular, the compensation board may burn as a result of the explosion of capacitors, the burning of the resistors located on the compensation contactors and overheating of the cables.
What is a Compensation Account?
The calculation of the materials to be used in compensation is made according to the targeted cosQ setting. As a result of incorrect execution of the compensation account, businesses may encounter situations such as overcompensation. In order to prevent such problems, it is essential that the compensation calculation is made by electrical engineers.
How is the Compensation Account Made?
Compensation account is an important engineering account and should be done by engineers who are experts in the field. If we make an example compensation calculation;
compensation board account of an enterprise with a transformer power of 1000 kva;
Apparent power S=1000kva
Current Cosφ1 :0.7
Desired Cosφ2:0.95
The power symbolized by S is the visible power. First of all, we need to find the active power of the system from the visible power.
So P IS FOR ACTIVE POWER;
P = S X Cosφ2
1000 X 0.95=950KW
After finding the active power, the reactive power is found. Reactive power is expressed by Qc.
According to this, QC = P(tanφ1-tanφ2)
Cosφ1=0,7 tanφ1=1
Cosφ2=0.95 tanφ2=0.325
Qc=950x(1-0,325)
Qc = 641.25 kvar is obtained.
Simply, a compensation account is made in this way. Tier selection is made in the enterprises where a compensation board will be made based on the kvar value found. Contactor, fuse and relay should be selected according to the values suitable for these stages.
For What Purpose Is Compensation Made?
In order to increase the efficiency of electrical energy, to correct the energy quality and to ensure that the active power withdrawn from the grid is in sinozoidal form, the establishment of a compensation panel is resorted to.
Enterprises that draw active and reactive power from the grid pay a payment called reactive price on their electricity bills. However, the compensation panel is the solution that prevents this reactive cost occurring in electricity bills. Enterprises that make compensation panels can both save on electricity bills and use better quality energy.
Many loads supplied by interconnected systems need reactive current for magnetization. This current is withdrawn from the mains and transferred to the mains again after it is used. For this reason, the presence of an useless current that constantly moves between the load and the network causes the electrical switchgear to load and cause many losses. Dec.
Here, instead of withdrawing this reactive current from the network, it is produced at the closest point to the load with the compensation panel.
How is Compensation Made?
The number of power multiples of systems using reactive power should be corrected, i.e. 1. In order for the number of power multiples COSQ to be 1, the power angle must grow. We do not have the opportunity to make a change in the active energy used by the devices to do work. However, we have the opportunity to reduce the reactive power.
Reducing the reactive power will reduce the amount of power visible in the power triangle. The aim is to bring the visible power vectorally closer to the active power in the power triangle. According to the reactive power characteristic of the enterprises, the capacitors and the shunt reactor are connected by calculating the amount on the compensation board. Since the compensation panel connects to the system in parallel, the power of the facilities is not cut off during the operations related to the compensation panel.
Types of Power
The work done in unit time is called power in the language of physics. In circuits where alternating current is used in electrical systems, there is a phase difference between the current and its voltages. Dec. The cosine values of the angles resulting from this phase difference cause the power that enterprises draw from the grid to be more than the power that turns into work. If there are loads with resistance, inductive and capacitive characters in an electrical circuit, there are visible power, active power and reactive power factors.
What is Visible Power?
Visible power is the power that businesses or buyers draw from electricity grids. Nowadays, almost all devices need active and reactive power together, since they have both resistance and reactance. Visible power is therefore the power that is equal to the vector representation of active and reactive power. It is symbolized by the letter S and its formula is S = UxI. The unit of apparent power is VA(Volt-Ampere).
What is Active Power?
Active power is the main power that turns into work in the receivers. This power is applied to motion, heat, light, etc. in systems. it turns into jobs. The active power is symbolized by the letter P and its unit is Watts.
The active power formula is;
P = UxIxCosφ (for one phase)
P= 3xIxCosφ (for three phases)
What is Reactive Power?
Reactive power is the power used in electrical circuits with inductance and capacitance. Although it is defined as useless power, reactive power is the power that provides the magnetic field necessary for the operation of many large devices.
Q =U.I .sinφ (VAR) (For single phase)
Q = 3.U.I .sinφ (VAR) (For three phases)
What is the Power Factor (Power Factor)?
The apparent power ratio of the active power in an electrical circuit is called the power factor. In other words, the angle between voltage and current in the power triangle is called the power factor angle and is denoted by cosQ. Dec. According to this;
Active Power: It is the power that turns into work. Its unit is W. Denoted by P.
Apparent Power: It is the vector sum of Active and Reactive powers. The unit is VA. Denoted by s.
Reactive Power: it is the power that is not converted into work but is used in electrical circuits. The unit is VAR. It is indicated by Q.
cosQ = P/S is. An increase in the reactive power contained in the systems causes the power factor to decrease, while at the same time causing the amount of active power to be withdrawn from the transformer to decrease. Compensation systems are used to make the power factor 1. When the power factor is below 1, the current load increases, and the cross-section of the cables used for feeding increases. It grows in equipment to be selected for cables with increasing cross-section.
Why Should the Power Factor Be Corrected?
When the power factor moves away from 1, it causes many negative effects on systems. At the beginning of these, the efficiency of transformers decreases. The loads that will be fed by transformers that do not work at maximum efficiency are reduced, which leads to new cost calculations for the loads that will be connected to the system. In systems where the power factor is not corrected, in addition to losses in transformers and networks, buyers also need to pay a reactive price in the proportion of reactive energy they use. All these negative effects can be eliminated by correcting the power factor.
How to Fix the Power Factor?
The correction of the power factor can be done by connecting the most economical capacitors in parallel to the power system. This process can also be called a power factor process performed using a compensation board. With the commissioning of capacitors, the power factor is corrected. Thus, the amount of visible power drawn from the grid is reduced, voltage drops are prevented, costs are reduced and energy quality is improved.
What is Reactive Energy?
Reactive energy is the energy that serves to create a magnetic field and an electric field in devices with inductance and capacitance. As it is known, coil-wound devices need a magnetic field between their windings at the time of Deceleration. The formation of this magnetic field these devices need reactive energy.
Since reactive energy is an energy that is returned to the grid after use, this energy begins to circulate in the grid and operating lines after use. Reactive energy is not a type of energy that does not work in terms of usage. However, obtaining this energy from the grid may cause power losses and voltage drops in transmission and distribution lines. Therefore, it is not preferable to withdraw reactive energy from the grid. Instead, it is both more economical and more beneficial to produce it in the place closest to the buyers.
Reactive energy is a type of energy that can be easily obtained with compensation panels. The unit of reactive energy is the Volt Ampere Reactive (VAR).
Reactive Energy Tariff
A reactive energy tariff is a type of tariff defined in the relevant regulation closure. This tariff is passed on as a reactive price in consumers' electricity bills. If the percentage tranches specified by the regulation are exceeded, this price, i.e. criminal action, is applied.
Percentages of reactive costs in accordance with the regulation; ‘(3) Customers with an installed capacity below 50 kVA consume inductive reactive energy in excess of thirty-three percent of the amount of active energy they draw, or if they give capacitive reactive energy in excess of twenty percent of the amount of active energy; those with an installed capacity of 50 kVA and above are obliged to pay a reactive energy consumption fee if they consume inductive reactive energy in a way that exceeds twenty percent of the amount of active energy they draw, or if they supply capacitive reactive energy to the system in a way that exceeds fifteen percent of the amount of active energy.' Is stated in the form.
Consumers who have a compensation system must regularly maintain their compensation systems in order not to exceed the percentage rates specified in the regulation. The service life of the materials used in the compensation systems, the amount of load consumed by the facility may cause these devices to malfunction.
Failure of the devices will cause the systems to enter reactive punishment. It is not possible for consumers who regularly maintain compensation systems to face any criminal charges.
What is Active Energy?
Active energy is the energy that is withdrawn from the electrical grid and converted into physical work. In direct current passing circuits, the active energy is multiplied by the current and voltage passing through the circuit. In circuits passing alternating current, the voltage and current parameters change according to time. For this reason, in alternating current circuits, the active energy varies with time. The unit of active energy is watt (w).
What is the Reactive Power Penalty?
The reactive power penalty occurs when the compensation panel is not sufficient or the compensation panel is defective. Reactive power is a type of inactive energy that is withdrawn from the grid when needed.
Machines and similar units that need a magnetic field to work make reactive consumption. In cases where the compensation panel is not installed adequately, the reactive power penalty is reflected in the invoice under the name of reactive price.
Reactive Consumption Penalty
The reactive consumption penalty will cause an additional additional consumption fee on your invoice. Oct. An increase in electricity bills and consumption under a reactive price is a reactive consumption penalty.
The consumption of reagents should remain within the officially determined limits and should not exceed twenty percent of the active consumption. When this consumption exceeds the limits, not the amount that exceeds the limits, but the entire amount of consumption is reflected in the electricity bill. This is called the Reactive consumption penalty.
What Does Reactive Punishment Mean?
Reactive penalty means the reactive price reflected on the invoice during periods when reactive consumption increases. This price is calculated on the basis of the fee tariff determined by the Energy Market Supervisory Board (EMRA) of the entire consumption at times when the ratio of reactive consumption to active consumption exceeds certain ratios in your bill.
How Much is the Reactive Power Penalty?
The reactive power penalty is calculated based on the tariff determined by EMRA (Energy Market Supervisory Board). This account is determined according to the ratio of active energy to reactive energy and the entire consumption is multiplied and reflected in the invoice. Value added tax, distribution fee and other tax items are added to the tariff determined by EMRA and the electricity bill amount is written as the total amount to be paid last under the bill.
How Much is the Compensation Penalty?
There is no written penalty in the form of a compensation penalty. This is the discourse among the people that is easy to Decipher. The official name of the compensation penalty is the reactive price amount. This price is the price reflected on the invoice as a result of consuming the reactive energy required in enterprises from the electricity network. This price is determined every year by the Energy Market Supervisory board.
Consuming reactive energy causes line losses and losses for the transformer. In order to encourage the compensation board and the healthy operation of this board, the price reflected to consumers for economic purposes is called the compensation penalty.
How Does Compensation Go from Reactive to Punishment?
In order for your compensation board to enter the penalty from the reagent, it happens if the compensation board is defective and does not work properly.
Failure of one of the switchgear materials contained in the compensation panel or failure to adjust the compensation settings correctly causes a malfunction. The absence of a compensation panel at all also leads to penalties for enterprises responsible for reactive consumption.
What Is the Use of Compensation?
Enterprises that draw power above a certain level need reactive power. The compensation panel is made to meet these reactive forces required by enterprises from the closest possible point. The phase difference caused by inductive and capacitive loads in the enterprises is minimized with the help of the compensation panel and provides higher quality energy flow in the enterprise lines. Thus, the failure rate of sensitive devices in enterprises and industrial organizations will also be reduced.
How is Reactive Power Balanced?
Reactive power balancing is balanced by switching the capacitors in the compensation panel on and off at sufficient and preset times. The reactive power control relay detects the reactive power required by the system and meets the system's needs in a certain ratio by commissioning capacitors from small to large respectively.
Thus, the reactive power drawn from the grid is generated on the compensation panel, and its load on the grid is reduced. As long as the reactive penalty limits specified in the regulation are kept below, the reactive power is considered balanced.
How to Understand Reactive Penalty on Electricity Bill?
It is not easy to understand the amount of reactive penalty on electricity bills. Since the billing formats of each distribution company and wholesale parking sales companies are different, this area requires expertise. It is usually the amount of money written under the name of Reactive Price or Reactive consumption in the region located below the total asset amount of the invoice. This amount can also be confirmed by asking the subject matter experts.
Another way to understand that there is a reactive penalty in the electricity bill is to follow the reactive power control relays. With alarm and penalty messages on the relays, it is clear whether we are in reactive punishment or not.
Why Does Reactive Punishment Occur?
Reactive penalty occurs in cases where there is no compensation board in enterprises or it does not work properly. A Reactive penalty condition occurs when one of the compensation panel switchgear materials is in a defective state or when the Reactive power control relay does not perform its task. It can also occur due to consumption rising too much above normal consumption or staying below normal consumption.
Reactive and Capacitive Punishment
Enterprises whose installed power exceeds 9kw in terms of electricity consumption are obliged to install and operate a compensation panel. Reactive energy is divided into two parts. The Inductive Reactive Consumption and Capacitive Reactive Consumption are. Inductive reactive consumption occurs as a result of incomplete compensation and as a result of defective compensation panel.
Capacitive reactive consumption, on the other hand, occurs as a result of excessive compensation. Both of them are reflected in your invoice under the Reactive price.
How is Reactive Punishment Understood?
Reactive penalty electricity can be understood from the incoming high electricity bill, as well as from the electricity meter and reactive power control relay. Since electricity bills are arranged in different formats, there is no fully described method of reading an electricity bill.
It would be the most correct method to get help from your energy consultant or an electrical engineer on this issue. Reactive punishment is unknown to most people and special expertise is required. Not every technician and engineer may have knowledge about the subject. It will be useful for you to constantly check your electricity bills.
How to Prevent Inductive Punishment?
The type of penalty may come as an inductive penalty to businesses that have problems with the malfunctioning condition of the compensation board or its settings and management. Inductive punishment can occur in several ways. At the very beginning of these, there is that the compensation facility is not sufficient.
My facilities, whose electricity consumption is constantly increasing, may not have enough available compensation power. In such a case, the existing compensation facility power can be increased to prevent inductive punishment. It is also possible that there will be penalties due to a decrease in the power of the capacitors or failures caused by the switchgear stages. Periodic inspections of contactors and their fuses should be carried out in full and on time.
How is Capacitive Punishment Prevented?
If the compensation panel is in a defective condition or businesses that have problems with its settings and management, the type of penalty may come as a capacitive penalty. We are facing more and more Capacitive punishment nowadays.
Capacitive penalty loads are increasing with each passing day with the replacement of lighting systems with LED technology and the increasing involvement of electronic products in electricity consumption. Capacitive penalties are rapidly replacing inductive penalties. For the solution of this, it has become mandatory to use shunt reactors with SVC drive.
Shunt reactors balance the increased capacitive loads, bringing the power factor closer to 1. Another way to avoid capacitive punishment is to constantly check the levels. Incorrect stage sequence also causes capacitive punishment. The most effective way to prevent capacitive punishment is permanent maintenance, control and management.
What Should Be the Capacitive Percentage?
From the Energy Market Regulatory Authority: With the Decision of the Board numbered 5999-3 and the decision dated 31/12/2015 and published in the Official Gazette numbered 29579, Enterprises with an installed power greater than 9kw are responsible for reactive consumption.
If the amount of capacitive consumption exceeds 15% of the active power, the entire total consumed Capacitive energy consumption is calculated at the determined tariff and reflected in the invoice. The consumed capacitive energy should be less than 15% of the consumed active energy.
What Is the Inductive Percentage?
From the Energy Market Regulatory Authority: With the Decision of the Board numbered 5999-3 and the decision dated 31/12/2015 and entered into force through publication in the Official Gazette numbered 29579;
Enterprises with an installed capacity greater than 9kw are responsible for reactive consumption. If the amount of inductive consumption exceeds 20% of the active power, all of the total Inductive energy consumption consumed is calculated at the specified tariff and reflected in the invoice. The consumed inductive energy should be less than 20% of the consumed active energy.
What Is the Reactive Percentage?
Enterprises and institutions responsible for reactive consumption have the right to consume Inductive reactive energy up to 20% of the active energy they consume, and Capacitive energy up to 15%. If these rates are exceeded, the electricity bill rises. This means that your energy efficiency is decreasing.
How to Prevent Reactive Price?
The only way to prevent the reactive cost that causes electricity bills to be too high is to regularly maintain the compensation panels. Compensation panel non-maintained compensation panels lose their functions over time, causing enterprises to enter into reactive penalties.
As a result of the loss of the function of the compensation panel, the energy quality of enterprises also decreases. A decrease in energy quality causes damage to many electrical devices. Regular monitoring of the compensation panel protects enterprises from large penalties, while the new loads they will put into operation prevent them from entering into an extra energy cost.
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